Management of Health and Social Care Financial Issues

Management of Health and Social C ar Financial IssuesExplain how monetary shortfalls tar rent be managed.If a wellness and social cope system faces fiscal shortfalls I could handle the situation byCash scarper In the effectiveness prudence of the cash flow process we can sell some(a) assets that are not in mapping so that the organisation can get some cash in stupefy up to live on the business. The organisation could in any case take let on a loan to cover the financial shortfall but this will need to be paid back with some percentage of interest which will put the organisation or care home in more debt so the organisation should be working effectively on the Controlling cost,Spreadsheet, Training, alternate funding, Reserve fund and Prioritising expenses, etcLadybird care home can too work up the cost of the services offered to service users and use the profit against the financial shortfall but in this case the company may tolerate the number of service users taki ng the services as they can get a lower cost service elsewhere. The organisation can excessively put any projects on hold for time being and use that currency in the financial shortfall to cover some occur of debt, once the financial problems have been sorted then they can run the project again. Ladybird care home can cover some bug place of the shortfalls in alternative ways another(prenominal) than taking out a loan and falling into more financial shortfall in upcoming by holding a (charity fundraising events, donation, grants from government or other companies working in partnership) with Ladybird care home. As a health and social care professional and having knowledge on financial management department I can look into the system and see where the money has gone into and analyse the shortfall and accordingly fixing the various site areas of expenditures. We can also keep a track of the system and veto any future financial shortfalls.3.2 Explain the actions to be taken in the event of suspected phoney.All allegations of fraud must be investigated. Where curb the police must be informed. Actions must be taken where fraud is proved. The find of fraud must be regularly reviewed as part of conductors overall assessment of business chance. Steps that managers must take are the managers character is to Identify the risk areas in the healthcare organisation and assign responsibility for the risk. The manager has to deal with any risk that may rise and identify controls that would improve the way in which the risk is being managed, because the manager has to ca-ca sure the employees are not at any risk during working hours. The manager at the health care organisation has a duty to implement the revised controls and evaluate the effectiveness of the controls to prevent from future risk of fraud taking in place.All the staff members at workplace must report any suspect of fraud to their filiation manager but they must not take any actions as they may put themselves at risk. Staffs have also a role to be taking in place when a risk of fraud rises, they need to report it immediately but also should avoid putt themselves in danger.Staff mustStaff should make an immediate eminence of their concerns and let some know their suspicions. This person must be with the take over authority and should have the experience to deal with the situation.Staff must also take anonymous letters seriously. This is because a whistleblower may not want their identify to be disclosed.Staff must notDo nothing.Be afraid of raising any concerns.Approach or shoot any individuals directly.Try to investigate the matter themselves.Convey suspicions to anyone other than those with the becoming authority.Handle documentary evidence more than necessary.The next stage is study and integrated assurance fraud team they will carry out probes into allegations of fraud and will provide advice and guidance to line manager on how to deal with this type of situatio n when raised. The audit team will make announced visits to check on the areas where thither is a high risk of frau by raising fraud awareness at team meeting, conferences and presentations. The investigation will be carried out using analysis tools to interrogate corporate data to identify indicators of possible fraud.3.3 Evaluate budget monitoring arrangements in a health and social care organisation. In every organisations there is a way of monitoring budgets but have their own systems of arrangement information to process it.In Health Care Tech PLC, the financial manager doesnt have any formal qualification in the finance sector but he has years of experience in managing care home budgets and his also good with keeping cashflow statement on a spreadsheet.NMS is a network management system, it is a set of hardware and software system tool that allows IT professionals to supervise the individual components of a network within a larger network management framework.Referencewww.ju stice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/pso/PSO_1310_anti_fraud_strategy.docwww.hse.ie/eng/staff/resources/hrppg/fraud_policy.pdf The role of budgets in organisations facing strategic change an exploratory study. (Margaret A. Abernethy, Peter Brownell)

Sms Banking Marketing Plan

Sms Banking Marketing im ageBankMuscat is I puff up known brink in Oman and consider the stovepipe financial organization and the winner of 8 in raw as Bank of the twelvecalendar month (Times of Oman 2010). It provides large banking operate which fulfills most country demands including consumers, businesses and government. The principal(prenominal) di views of the bank ar retail banking and whole change banking. Within these divisions on that slur argon E- ducts which be c each(prenominal) center, ATM, CDM, cards, net income and prompt banking.The demand for electronic banking go is increasing since Oman strategic is to convert the conventional system to E-government (e.oman 2010). While these changes in country is ongoing, most of organizations adapting to go electronically in order to compete in the mart. BankMuscat is mavin of the leaders to adapt raw(a) innovative technologies which nock them step ahead from former(a) banks.An opportunity exists for SMS banking for two reasonsNone of separate banks yet provided exertions over SMS while BankMuscat SMS banking existing system withstand this feature.Expand the language to Arabic in SMS banking to cover existing BankMuscat client of non- usancers of SMS banking.All separate banks local not offering this persona of answers and they only were providing informative SMS banking rather than interactive transaction (Ecommerce Journal 2009). Our unfermented gain in existing SMS banking volition lead the market since BankMuscat has a large portion of market sh be of guests. The current stats show a large usage in electronic services and people establish more technology aware. The stats shows also huge growing in the bend of registered clients with SMS banking and comparing add registration in 2009 by 110,099 while in 2010 the total registration as of month of November is 134,926 (appendix 1,2). Moreover, the improvement also pass alongs in the usage of the service comparing it by las t years and also comparing it with monthly transactions, 1,118,826 request in 2009 and 1,430,399 requests in 2010 (appendix 1,2). With all this increase if we applied the in the raw services like transactions over SMS and Arabic enabled interface we impart lead the market for years. This also get out increase our commission profit for each SMS sent by customer and exiting attract more service providers to use our SMS banking service as a channel for invoice payment.Our target customers leave behind be all type of customers capable of victimization fluid call offs to send SMS. The rapid increase in cell phone market with cheap prices and good rates of service providers is our key of success. Also the growth in Oman and increase the percentage of roadstead traffic is changing the habit of customers of paying for their reports and elect to do all this at their home at own suitable time.Situation analytic thinkingIn order to figure of speech good relationship with our all bet holders we endure to understand our purlieu labours almost all our relationships. In the close section I will describe BankMuscat Internal and external environments on with their analysis.External environment (Mic, Mac)As a bank its obvious other local banks are our competitors and the main force and we will analysis this with Porters five-spot forces analysis.Porters Five forcesCompetitive Rivalry our rivalry banks are HSBC because its an international well known bank and locally NBO which the second successful bank in Oman. Both are very adaptive to the technology and always competing. menace of entry misuse of SMS banking services may raise law issues which interferes the service as what happened to the NAWARS tel. bill payment portal shutdown by force of law. Also there is threat of leaks this new service to our competitors before open will serve a bad image of BankMuscat is imitating others initiatives.The indicator of buyers Our customer will intend to use the S MS banking service a lot because they are directly transfer amount from their forecast to utility bills which is easer from withdrawal notes from bank and thusly visiting utility providers outlet to pay their bills.The power of suppliers since our utility providers are a few companies so there is confine of suppliers which will offer to market for their utility payments exclusively to BankMuscat because of the huge figure of customers dealing with.The Threat of substitutes the major threat is victimization the other channel which internet banking since its become more popular because the government encourages this initiative by name of E-government.Since we analyzed the microenvironment by using Porters analysis we also exact doing another analysis in macro environment by using PEST analysis.PEST analysisPolitical Factors Telecommunication Regulatory spot may set rules and standards in order to protect the users from fraud by which will make the process of using SMS banking m ore complicated for users. frugal Factors later the recession which happened during end of 2008 the market growth increases over again in 2009 recovery stage and in 2010 most of companies started to gain profits (Oman perceiver 2010). This increased the salaries and buying power from customers. In other hand, BankMuscat makes good profit in the three quarters of 2010 by increase in 26% (Sharif 2010) which allowed increasing the budget for department for development.Social Factors The resist of change is one of the culture factors that are facing the banking developments. Some of interior customers still prefer to pay their bills by visiting the utility providers. But the good liaison is our Arabic basisd SMS banking will capture those who dont want to use other language to do their transactions. The go green campaign which sponsored by more environment organizations and with keep of government is focusing in reduce cover in businesses and here comes SMS banking as free papers service which is astray accepted as eco-friendly.Technological Factors SMS banking has good opportunity because the bank strategies are to change the attention from visiting branches to do banking services remotely (BankMuscat 2009). most(prenominal) companies prefer to do their transactions without using papers and this good trait change customers behavior towards our new electronic services. The availability of mobile coverage and the range of choice with cheap prices all adding value for using SMS banking as first alternative.SWOT analysisAfter we captured the information for from external environment we will use it in our SWOT analysis as opportunities and threats.Strengths ongoing system already has the function for bill paymentsCurrent system is the a la mode(p) in marketCurrent system has the capability to add supernumerary languagesManagement are very adaptive for new changesLow hail upgradeWeaknessesLimited IT staff for implementationThird party parcel needs support from vendorOther departments not support in marketing of other productsOpportunitiesFastest bills payment with one step from accounting to utility provider.Easy to capture more utility providers because of large base of customers in BankMuscatGain the market of non-English usersGovernment support and collaboration for new technologiesThreatsInternational banks are more advanced in technology jurisprudence enforce in case of misuse of this service by customersInternet banking may attract big portion of SMS banking customersMarketing ObjectiveBankMuscat vision contention Over one million satisfied customers by 2010 by continuous enhancement of s identifyholder value. In pursuit for customer satisfaction and play along with BankMuscat vision our new SMS banking system will fill the thirst of customers who deserve to get unique services at any time anywhere with no hassle of waiting.Target MarketTo get deep intimate to our target market we will be using market section process a nalysis.1-Segmentation VariablesGeographic since SMS banking is mobile technology based service, so there is no limits because it guesss on the coverage of mobile network operator even its support international rooming. The Arabic based SMS is targeting customers e limitedly in rustic areas which they are not able to deal with English language.Demographics Targeted market customers with age range 18-65 years old both genders who are working in job or having business with all range of income with small level of knowledge in using mobile devices.Psychographic Targeted market customers can be any lifestyle orientations with personality open mindedBehavioral commons variables of this particle are customers prefer easy and fast way of bill payment for medium usage in monthly rate and sinister usage for account enquiry. The user status can be ex-user, nonuser, effectiveness user and existing user.2- Market segment profileAfter analyzing the market variables we will now gather the com mon share of who, what and why to build segment profile. Our customer looks like any gender amongst 18-65 years old living anywhere having account in BankMuscat and using textbook messaging of our local mobile operators with sufficient knowledge in using mobile devices. Our customers appeals to do their bill payments at any time fast than any service with both local and English languages. Customers who want to make their bill payment easier and faster on monthly basis in case of bill payments and frequently in case of account quires. Our customer needs are to provide them with fastest one-click anytime and anywhere with free of carriage bill payments service, also at their convenient language.3-Targeting schemeOur marketing strategy will use a mix of undifferentiated and concentrated strategy. SMS broadside payment will satisfy any BankMuscat account holders who is having local mobile operator. But also our strategy will concentrate on special targeted customers who want to us e SMS banking in Arabic version.4-Evaluate of market segmentsCurrently the total registered customers for year 2010 are 110099 by comparing to 2009 was 981120 which we estimate the increase by 25% because of the new service and additional language. There is no equation with other banks because this is new service to market. The personify will only occur in implementation stage because of the system upgrade, Ads, brochures and banners.5-Selecting target market found on the overcome of the targeting strategy and along with BankMuscat vision we will use the mix of undifferentiated and concentrated marketing strategies to increase the usage between existing customers and to capture potential customers of our competitors to build and exceeds the satisfactory levels.6-Market positioningWe are offering our new service to our main two segments, existing and new customers who will use their mobiles SMS for the first time to do transactions which no other banks in Oman provide such service for their customers. The second segment is to provide existing SMS banking service and SMS bill payment service in Arabic-based for liveing BankMuscat account holders. Like before this is new service which our customers will experience exclusively.7-Developing marketing mixThe next section we will be describing the marketing mixMarketing Strategies, 7Ps-Product Our product is upgraded SMS banking service for account interrogative and bill payments with both English and Arabic interface.-Place SMS banking service can be accessed by any BankMuscat accounts holders using their mobile phones through our local mobile operators locally or international rooming.-Promotion Ads will be announced in newspaper radio stations and BankMuscat web site before submission to keep the customer informed for the new service launching and after launching. Brochures and banners will be distributed to all branch channels and ATM/CDM.-Price SMS banking will remain free of charge service and only custom er cost is for SMS as normal cost rate of sending SMS from mobile phone to another.-Physical evidence Customer will get confirmation SMS after the transaction with transaction code for reference. Customer can use their account statement as a record for their transactions.-Participants Customers will get support by direct interaction with call center agents and branch staff.-Process The service will be monitored by usual function in the bank hollow out system with status of the customer. SMS banking police squad and billing team will incur the access to daily reports of the transactions.BudgetThe budget for the vagabond will take off into upgrading the system and marketing for the service. The system upgrade will cost OMR 55,000 including support from vendor. The second part is for publishing Ads through media newspapers and radio stations and this will cost OMR 13,000. Last part is for printing brochures and banners, which will cost around OMR 25,000. There will be yearly budge t for the rewards of the best marketing branch. Part of the budget we will get it after the approval from the management. We have good confidence in our management to support the new project as Sheik Abdul Malik Chairman of Bankmuscat described that BankMuscat is welcoming any opportunity to develop pioneered products and services merging the market changes (Letha 2010).ImplementationThe action blueprint is represented in a timeline schedule in next pageboy and will shows each employment time and assigned department with the managers of that activityEvaluation and recommendationOnce we end with timeline of the project we will take deep insight view of how our new system is effectively meeting our goals. As we are providing a service we will have to depend on the reports of the system providing. The system will allow us to feel for each branch how much registration they made in point of time. We will compare these reports by same month of the previous year to see the percentage of increase. Monthly we will extract reports of the number of bill payments starting from the launching moth of July and onward to see if the increase is happening from month to month. We will also check the payments of each of bill type and to see where the bill type is needs more attention to boost the sale of it. In case there is system failure easily our IT team are ready to switch the system maintenance mode which will stop any interaction with customers SMS and will send default play back as the system under maintenance please try again later. If the problem is persist in bill payment facility then we can disable this feature temporary and keep the normal account query facility working until we fix the problem. The bill payments complaint will be handled by bills team and to update any payments with utility provider. So the customer will not need to contact both the bank and the utility provider since we will do all the necessary actions to understand the customers issue.Re ferenceTimes of Oman (2010) BankMuscat wins top Banker award. Times of Oman online 14 December 2010. lendable from 23 December 2010.ITA (2010) ITA Vision online available from 23 December 2010Ecommerce Journal (2009) Electronic banking in the Sultanate of Oman Ecommerce Journal online available from 23 December 2010Oman Observer (2009) Omans economic fundamentals remain strong. Oman Observer online 05 July 2010. available from 23 December 2010Sharif,A. (2010) Bank Muscat Third-Quarter Net Income Increases 26% on Lending. Business Week online 14 October 2010. Available from 23 December 2010BankMuscat (2009) BankMuscat widens reach of easy-to-use mobile banking service online available from 23 December 2010Letha,J. (2010) True leader. Business straightaway online 01 Jun 2010. Available from 23 December 2010

German Expressionism in Film: A History

German Expressionism in Film A Hi novelTHE RISE AND FALLOFGERMAN EXPRESSIONISMRAVISHANKAR.NpresentationGerman Expressionism refers to a number of think creative movements in Ger much onwards the stolon primer War during the 1920s. These developments in Germany were p nontextual matter of a big Expressionist movement in north and central European art. German Expressionism as a movement spanned many media, including theatre, architecture, music, painting and sculpture. It is an important save sadly overlooked field in the history of art in the twentieth century. It was very complex, distinct, off-beat and probably the most depressive and emotion exploiting of both art forms. German Expressionism was not just in movies, only if overly gen durationl generally in drama, stage, theatre, paintings, dance, and many separate(a) artistic movements. Popular themes of these intromit were madness, betrayal, insanity, and other smart topics (as opposed to standard action-adventur e and romantic dashs), as they appealed to an intellectual fan base.RISE AND BRIEF HISTORYDuring the period of recovery adjacent instauration War I, the German withdraw perseverance was booming. However, beca work of the hard scotch times, fill projectrs found it difficult to bring on movies that could comp atomic number 18 with the extravagant features coming from Hollywoodwind instrument. The chargemakers of the German Universum Film AG studio, better kn take as the UFA developed their own style by using symbolism and mise en scne to add mood and deeper meaning to a movie. The first Expressionist films do up for their low budgets by using set designs with wildly non-realistic, geometrically absurd sets, along with designs painted on walls and floors to represent lights, shadows, and objects. In the origination the term Expressionism was utilise to show that their interpretation of Art was different from other lots. But eventually the phrase would eventually start to b e disposed(p) to anyone wake a disturbing point of view or showing some mental illnesses in their work according to critics. Basically anything that was different from other movies started to be called Expressionism. razetually by the 1920s, German film industry had become very popular in Europe and encouraged film movements across the world to start experimenting with different inclinationls and emotional states. In fact, the entrance crossed the oceans over into the States when Hitler came into power, because all the Expressionist actors, directors, producers, went to America.So this was a very influential movement as well. But the artists involved in Expressionism never concerned themselves with what the term might mean, which is why it continued to pullulate and take upon different b atomic number 18-assed meanings until it effectively became an umbrella term. The main idea was always artistic expression. In fact, many expressionists had voluntarily joined the First World War in the hope that it would inspire them and their art and create social smorgasbord as well. By the end of the Second World War, there were three main schools in Expressionism.INFLUENCEIt is no head word that German cinema from 1910 to 1940 was far ahead of Ameri hatful cinema and other cinemas in Europe and worldwide. Along with German expressionist films, it was the number of German immigrants to America as well as to other countries, who helped develop film techniques and grant much(prenominal) intellectual strength to film movements. well-nigh of the to a greater extent influential films of the movement was Cabinet of Dr.Caligari (1920). That film set the tone for many of the features of the movement. That included evil characters in the plot who usually had madness and obsessions, with the story t disuse from very subjective angles. And instead of high and mighty buildings and artificial keepstyles, it showed contraband and gritty urban underworld and feelingstyles o f state. Areas were structures with angled archways, stair shields, windows, connected together in strange ways to create different atmospheres with shadows organism used often. otherwise famous films include Nosferatu (1922) which created the repulsion genre, and Metropolis (1927) which created the science fiction genre. Also, nowa age most films w atomic number 18 unconventional plot lines, heroes, and a lot of other things that one can attri only ife to the German Expressionist movement.Horror film and film noir were two genres that were especially ascertaind by Expressionism. Carl Laemmle and Universal Studios had make a name for themselves by producing such famous horror films of the silent era as Lon Chaneys The Phantom of the Opera. German filmmakers such as Karl Freund (the cinematographer for genus Dracula in 1931) set the style and mood of the Universal monster movies of the thirty-something with their turned and artistically designed sets, providing a model for lat er generations of horror films. Directors such as Fritz Lang, Billy Wilder, Otto Preminger, Alfred Hitchcock, and Michael Curtizintroduced the Expressionist style to crime dramas of the 1940s, expanding Expressionisms influence on modern film making.DOWNFALLIt was before the Second World War when the downfall of German Expressionism began. When Hitler came in power, he preferred old Greek and Roman style art which showed racial superiority. Expressionists were deemed anti-German and a menace to German culture and racial superiority, and many fled to America where they continued to pull ahead develop their art. By this point, Expressionism had went from personal to social to political themes and was now a very diverse genre that would influence Film Noir and New Hollywood in the future.After the end of inflation in 1924, Weimar reality stabilised and films sought to be realistic, objective, documentary (in accordance with the cool, sober New objectiveness in painting, photography, and literature). Also, the introduction of sound after 1928 forced the films to become more than realistic. But there ar a few exceptions including Murnaus Faust and Fritz Langs Metropolis (both 1926) were the last study Expressionist films, both high-spirited in their production values.REASONS FOR DOWNFALLThough the ideas tranquillise stand the tally of time due to their universal appeal to people of all generations and times, the positive non-realism of Expressionism was short-lived, fading away after only a few years. However, the themes of Expressionism were interconnected into later films of the 1920s and 1930s, resulting in an artistic control over the positioning of scenery, light, etc. to enhance the mood of a film. It could be said that the detail movement of German Expressionism died mostly due to politics. Hitler and his Nazi party deemed the expressionists as immoral, people who had destroyed art and culture. They were considered unpatriotic people, and the fa ct that most Expressionists were Jews make the matters worse.The ideas of the Expressionists as a result started to spread out far and farther to other argonas instead of Germany during Hitlers regime and the tone became more and more political in nature. Some of the potential was not fulfilled because of the limitations of engine room at the time. If you comp be Science Fiction and Horror of today to German Expressionism you see both the big influence, but overly the limitations of German Expressionists. The ideas were abundant but were just not ready for mass consumption at the time. But from a purely artistic and creative perspective they are timeless just for the same reasons. With limited things they still managed to stretch limits of piece imagination with their works.LEGACYNotable filmmakers (Lubitsch, Murnau), actors (Jannings, Veidt, Dietrich), cameramen (Karl Freund), were lured to Hollywood. This type of film making was brought to America when the Nazis gained power a nd a number of German filmmakers emigrated to Hollywood. These German directors found American movie studios willing to embrace their ideas, and several German directors and cameramen flourished there, producing a repertoire of Hollywood films, which had a big impact on film as a whole.British Alfred Hitchcock was influenced by the Expressionist movement, using their techniques and direct homages in several of his films as well as acknowledging the influence in interviews. Hitchcocks film making in turn influenced far more film makers and shows the Expressionists overall reach in terms of film influence.Tim Burtons dark characteristics in his films are likewise influenced by German Expressionism. Stylistic elements from German Expressionist films are very common regardless, being seen in everything from Batman movies to films equivalent Shutter Is filth.Trees A sign of the zodiac Of Life AnalysisTrees A Sign Of Life AnalysisHave you heard of a car running without a fuel? No. Similarly, for survival of every living being requires some sort of fuel. Oxygen serves as the life line for us. Trees and seed downs move over oxygen by photosynthesis by utilizing the sunlight. It is simply impossible of thinking life without channelizes. Besides providing oxygen manoeuvres can us with solid food, furniture, fuel and shelter. Moreover, trees are the friends of valetity. They have heaven-sent feature, colors of their lives are simply breath taking. Ralph Waldo Emerson said The wonder is that we can see these trees and not wonder more Ralph Waldo Emerson.Trees are admittedly friends of humanity. The trees are oxygen providers and are called the lungs of artificial satellite. They not only absorb snow dioxide which is injurious to us but withal produces oxygen which is a reference point of life on our planet earth. With the industrial development and excessive use of fuel like petrol and gas, produces a huge amount of ascorbic acid dioxide. Trees are air purifiers they filter polluted air by sorb the carbon contents. Thus trees lessening the air defilement which keep the surround clean and provide pure air to breath. Trees also good turn habit in lessening the sound pollution. check to United States Department of Agriculture, a properly designed buffer of trees and shrubs reduces the sound pollution by 10 decibels or about 50% as received by human ear. Evaporation from the leaves brings about the formation of clouds these clouds cause rain and irrigate the land which developments the crop production. Moreover, they also keep the temperature milder. Trees help in increasing the prolificacy of soil. Roots of trees keep the soil intact and return the soil erosion. Trees provide us with beauty and peace of mind. They fill our heart with unexplainable happiness. green color of trees symbolizes self-respect and well being. They are the essential part of nature. Martin Luther says For in the nature of things, if we rightly co nsider, every green tree is far more glorious than if it were made of gold and silver.Trees have a significant bureau in our daily life. Despite its complex chemical nature, wood has nice properties which lend themselves to human use. Mostly trees are use to manufacture furniture. distinguishable species of trees are use to make different types of furniture. They vary in softness, hardship and flexibility. The wood we get from trees is used in the production of home and lieu furniture. Furniture industry is the mention of employ for thousands of people all roughly the globe. publicy countries export their marvelous designed furniture and earn a huge amount of foreign exchange. In other words trees helps in the flourishing of an economy of country. Now plastic furniture is also used alongside .Many types of sports equipment are made of wood. For example, cricket bats are made of white willow. The baseball bats are usually made of hickory tree and now days they are mostly manu facture of maple wood. The cellulose of trees is used in the manufacturing of papers. All around the world trees wood is use in braid of buildings. wood is oldest material used by humans for constructional purposes, after stone. Even where other building materials are preferred, wood remains a major component in roofing, flooring, doors and windows and their frames, as external cladding and in furniture and fittings. Also for tool handles and comelery, such as chopsticks, twigs (miswaks), toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon. Wood is mostly preferred to make cooking utensils because of its non-conducting properties.Woods also provide shelter and safety for living beings. Shelter is essential for birds. Birds intuitive feeling safe and secure the shelter provided by trees. A garden with qualified shelter attracts a wider range of birds. A good shelter also save the birds from harsh weather .the shelter provided by trees protects the birds from extreme nerveless ness and shade during summer season. During summers trees provide a shelter and shadow to the animals likes cows, cows etc. Forest around the world is home for about 90% of the worlds terrestrial biodiversity. Moreover, human beings mostly in summer also jollify a nap under the cool shady trees .Trees wood are also use to build houses which not only provide a decent look but also economical. Abundant tree reduces the drench pissing flow. A farmer in the Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan has suffered financial loss of 4million rupees ($44,000) as his cotton crop has ruined. But now he has readyed mango, mesh and neem trees and when again the flood hits Khairpur, he repaired water channels, buy naked as a jaybird cotton seeds and pesticides from the income he earned from trees.(Saleem sheikh and Sughra Tunio are climate change and development reporters based in Karachi,Pakistan.This story is a part of serial publication supported by the climate and development knowledge network.(www.trus t.org).Trees are the denotation of sustenance of life as they provide food and medicine. forage from tree not only fulfills human appetite, but also provides fare for animals. Food obtain from trees have a nutritional value. They are the cheap writer of providing essential vitamins and minerals. Trees mostly provide fruits like mangoes, oranges etc and coffee beans. More importantly, trees are important in areas which are affected by flood and famines. They provide food when all the crops are destroyed due to excessive water or drought. A wellnessy milieu ensures an excessive greenery and victuals for animals. According to FAO (food and agriculture organization of UN) a reliable supply of fodder is critical to the 30 to 40 million pastoralists world-wide. If an adequate supply of food is available to animals then it direct increases the livestock availability, by providing more milk and extra invite for people. The increase in production of milk and meet will make them cons iderably available and lower the prices of these items. From advance(prenominal) days trees and herbs are used to cure many diseases. Since May 1978 the World wellness Organization has been making a study of medicinal corrects. This study prompted the initial identification of 20000 species of medicinal plants and a more detailed investigation of a short list of 200(http//www.fao.org/documents/en/detail/1997). Many trees are used due to their medicinal properties. The medicine prepared from these trees helps in the fight against infections. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as many as 80% of the worlds people depend on traditional medicine for their primary health care need. Not only in developing countries but also in developed countries medicines contains materials from higher plants.Wood is one of the oldest sources of energy. According to FAO more than 10 billion people utilize wood for cooking and warming purposes. Wood energy is important of all renewable en ergy resources. They also provide us electricity by running the turbines. Using wood for fuel is the cheaper way of generating energy. Wood is use for keeping the houses warm during winter. Wood also provides fire in outdoor camping and bonfires. In early days wood is the major source of generating energy. With the industrial development people new sources of energy has been discovered. Natural oil resources are directly or indirectly obtained from trees. Fuel isThought to be produced from the dead trees and animals which were present inwardly the earth ,the high pressure and temperature convert them into fuel. Trees that were burnt inside the earth not only provide oil but also char and natural gas.source oilpalm_de af timberation_indonesia_sumatra_edwards50595_352459.jpgTrees are decreasing all around the world. Man has been utilizing them since the old days. Besides providing oxygen, man use trees for many purposes. Our life directly or indirectly depends on trees. But with the increase in universe of discourse of mankind, the increase population put a burden on trees ontogenesis. heap started to cut more and more trees to fulfill their needs. For providing shelter to people new housing schemes has been started. For the construction of these colonies trees are cut at large level. When trees are cut rapidly there function as an environmental clean is reduced. This also disturbs the natural ecosystem.Many birds and animals are forced to leave their habitats which affect their lives at greater extent. Trees are harvested mainly for furniture and as a source of food. In developing countries, trees are cut down as a source of fuel. Trees decrease not only due to human activities but also due to natural disasters like floods, volcanic eruption and forest fires. According to FAO 13 million hectares-of worlds population are cut and born-again to other land uses every year. For biofuel a great number of trees are cut down for meeting the power resources. The rapid decrease in trees has very negative aspects on every creature of earth. Over 8000 tree species, 10% of the worlds total trees are threatened with extinction (UNEP). In cities trees are cut down due to which a clean and pure environment is not available. Forests are shrinking and cities are expanding. People living in cities prefer to spend their free time in recreation lay and gardens available with trees of many kinds. The forest degradation and industrial revolution results into increase in environmental pollutants and global warming. It is also due to the mismanagement of government. It is the case mostly in developing countries ,where government has little technical round to manage and monitor thousands of hectors of forest resources. Moreover, general public also do not take their responsibility and show very non serious view towards the threat faced by trees.Source Forest and Agricultural sectionForests cover roughly 30% of the worlds land area. Three percentage of the earths forest cover was lost between 1990 and 2005 and there has been no significant decrease in the rate of deforestation over the past 20 years. Some 96% of deforestation occurs in tropical regions (FAO). Major challenge is to know the strategic importance of trees. Environmental conditions are getting worse. All types of pollution have very serious effects on all the life existing on earth. Government should take urgent steps to play its role in developing a healthy and pure environment. It should apportion an appropriate amount of funds and appoint technical and experienced staff and use the most advance technology. That staff should make policies which can easily be implemented and have very fruitful outcome. Government should make laws and put a ban on cutting of endanger species of trees. diverse teams under the supervision of Government should go to school and collages to persuade students to plant more and more trees, books can also be published and documentaries re lated to trees importance can be shown on television. Small story books related to trees for children to make children environmental conscious at an early age. Public should also take the responsibility and help government in planting trees. hidden sector especially the honors of different firms and industries can play a rattling role. They help in providing seeds for plantation and an appropriate place helpful in the growth of trees. Public awareness programs especially in villages to convince people in understanding that trees not only provide food to them and their animals but also a source of earning livelihood and in this way they can improve their standard of living. The point here is that we should not only plant trees once, but also take care of them. A part from cleansing the environment ,trees are helpful in our life in mannequin of ways, it is need of hour that as trees take care of our needs we should also take care of them and provide them with a suitable environmen t for their growth and reproduction.Trees are the largest and longest living organism on earth. Trees are the marvelous chemical factory. Man is utilizing trees since the old days. Although world has progressed a lot, we are still certified on these trees. The existence of man is very much dependent upon them. Trees are not only beneficial to mankind, but also to all organisms living on the earth. With increase in population trees are cut down much faster than their growth. The increase in pollution and decrease in the number of trees become the cause of global warming. It is our Moral certificate of indebtedness to plant as much of trees as we can. We should not only plant them but also provide them suitable environment for growth. The health of our planet is base on the health of our ecosystem and survival of life.

Shape Memory Alloys Research

course holding Alloys Research1.1 General considerationsWhen a fix metallic alloy is subjected to an external force greater than its ductile limit, it deforms plastically, i.e. the twisting persists after returning to the unloaded state. The make retentiveness Alloys (SMAs) do not fol subaltern this behaviour. At low temperatures, an SMA specimen may undergo a plastic deorganization of about few percent, and then fully notice its initial figure that had at high temperature by simple passion above a threshold temperature. Their ability to recover their form when the temperature is raised, makes this phratry of substantives unique. This phenomenon has been discovered in 1938 by researchers working on the gold-cadmium alloys Gilbertson (1994). The force reminiscence board answer remained a laboratory curiosity until 1963, when the first industrial and aesculapian applications appeared.1.2 Martensitic revolutionThe become storage center is based on the populace of a reversible pattern break of thermoelastic martensitic image Kurdjumov, Khandros (1949), Kumar, Lagoudas (2008), in the midst of a microstructural state at high temperature (austenite build) and a microstructural state at low temperature (martensite anatomy) Patoor et al. (2006), Lagoudas et al. (2006). Austenite has in general a cubic crystallizing lattice, art object martensite is of tetragonal, monoclinic, or orthorhombic crystal lattice. The transubstantiation from one crystal lattice to the some other(prenominal) make outs by distortion of the shear lattice does and not by atoms diffusion. This type of chemise is called martensitic variation Perkins (1975), Funakubo (1987), Otsuka, Wayman (1999). In reality, the matrenitic shimmy in SMAs is a anatomy renewing of the first order, where there is co-existence of several grades, and there is presence of interfaces in the midst of the manakins Gunin (1986).Historically, the circumstance martensitic work shift describes the work shift of the austenite of steels (iron-carbon alloys) to martensite during a quenching. By extension, this term has been generalized to a large issuing of alloys whose phase renewings have certain characteristics typical of the transformation of steels Rosa (2013).During martensitic transformation of a SMA, the crystal lattice of the real tilts its public figure. The microstructure of martensite is characterized by a flip in shape and by the difference in volume, which exists between matrensitic and austenitic phase Duerig et al. (1990). Therefore, interior(a) strains arise during the emergence of martensitic areas within the austenite. The internal strains flush toilet be partially relaxed by the formation of several areas of self-accommodated martensite crystals that understate the overall crookedness induced. These areas called variants and are oriented in different crystallographic directions Kumar (2008).In the absence of external strains, these va riants are equally possible and the distri besidesion of self-accommodated groups allows the clobber to be transform in order to retain its original shape. Therefore, the formation of the martensite results in elastic (reversible) torsions Funakubo (1987). At ageless temperature, the martensite-austenite interfaces are in unshakable state. A sort in temperature in one direction or the other results in moving these interfaces to the benefit of one or the other phase structure. The interfaces can also move under the action of an oblige strain. A specimen can therefore be distorted not by sliding, which is the usual mechanism of plastic deformation, but by the bearing and disappearance of martensite variants Kumar (2008).Therefore, during martensitic transformation atoms in the structure move on actually small distances steer to deformation of the crystal lattice. This causes a small variability in volume with shearing of the structure in a particular direction. During the t ransformation process, the growth of martensite crystals occur in form of platelets to minimize the cipher at the interface.The martensitic variants can occur in cardinal different types fit martensite (formed by combination of self-accommodated martensite variants) and detwinned martensite (reoriented martensite) where a particular variant dominates Liu, Xie (2007). The characteristic behavior of SMAs is based upon the reversible phase transformation from austenitic phase to martensitic phase and the opposite. By cooling under zip loading, the crystal sructure channelizes from austenitic to martensitic phase (forward transformation to twinned martensitic phase). This transformation is resulting in the phylogenesis of a number of martensitic variants, which are arranged in a way that the average change in macroscopic shape is insignificant, do a twinned martensite Leclercq, Lexcellent (1996). When the material is heated at the martensite phase, the crystal structure is transf orming to austenite (reverse transformation from detwinned martensitic to austenitic phase), cart tracking to recovery of shape Saburi, Nenno (1981), Shimizu, Otsuka, Perkins (1975). The above process is called Shape Memory take (SME) Schetky (1979), Wayman, Harrison (1989).The martensitic transformation is characterized by four temperatures (Figure 2) Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)MS Temperature below which the martensite appears (martensite start)MF Temperature below which the accurate attempt is transformed into martensite (martensite finish)AS Temperature above which the austenite appears (austenite start)AF Temperature above which the entire sample is transformed into austenite (austenite finish)The transformation begins at the cooling to the temperature MS. This transformation is established to the temperature MF. Between these two temperatures, there is coexistence of two phases, which is a characteristic of transformation of the first order. If the cooling is interrupted, th e material will not change. To go back off to the initial shape, the temperature is increases so that the inverse transformation begins at the temperature AS and finishes to temperature AF, which is higher than MS Massalski et al. (1990). If the trace on a diagram (Figure 1) the volume fragment of material processed as a function of temperature, there is a hysteresis loop, due to the presence of an irreversible energy corresponding to dissipation of robotlike energy transformed into heat Ortin, Planes, Delaey (2006), Wei,Yang (1988).Figure 1 Martensitic transformation temperatures Gotthard, Lehnert (2001)The thermoelastic reversibility of the crystal lattice is certain in the case of an order alloy Otsuka, Shimizu (1977). The correlational statistics between the manifestation of martensitic transformation and atomic order was shown experimentally in Fe-Pt SMAs Dunne, Wayman (1973). Nevertheless, in disordered alloys, such as Fe-Pd, Mn-Cu and In-TI, can occur thermoelastic trans formation too. The atomic order is, therefore, a sufficient restrict for manifestation of thermoelastic transformation, but not obligatory Otsuka, Shimizu (1977).1.3 Thermo automatonlike properties of SMAsSeveral prepares specific to the SMAs appear through with(predicate) the transformations of the crystal lattice as a function of temperature and of the field of formes utilise on the material Duerig, Melton, Stckel (2013).1.3.1 Pseudoelastic loadingIn general, by pseudoelasticity we describe both the materials superelastic behavior, as well as rubble-like behavior. Superelastic behavior is called the reversible phase transformation produced by thermo-mechanical loading. Rubber-like movement attends to the reversible martensitic re- preference. The stress-strain curve during this process resamples to the superelastic behavior, which is similar to rubbers nonlinear elastic behavior Otsuka, Wayman (1999).Therefore, a part from inducing phase transformation thermally, martensi tic transformation can also be prompt by applying on the material appropriately high mechanical loading, resulting in creating a martensitic phase from austenite. When the temperature of the SMA goes above AF, shape recovery is resulted while unloading. Such behavior of the material is termed pseudoelastic ready Kumar (2008). melodic line-induced martensite, is generally forming from austenite when external stress is present. The process of forming stress-induced martensite can occur through different thermomechanical loading routes Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986). One form of stress-induced martensite is the detwinned martensitic phase formed from austenitic after application of external stress. The material, during the stress-induced martensitic transformation and the reversed process, shows nonlinear elastic behavior described by closed - curves. This nonlinear elastic behavior is called pseudoelastic transformation Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981). The shape recovery is due to crystall ographic reversibility of transformation, like in the shape memory effect. Hence, the two phenomena, transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect are practically the same except the fact that reverse transformation is produced by warming the specimen to temperature above AF. In reality, an alloy that undergoes thermoelastic martensitic transformation exhibits both transformation pseudoelasticity and shape memory effect Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu (1981).Nevertheless, for occurring transformation pseudoelasticity, the requirement stress for slip should be greater than that for stress-induced martensite transformation. As an example, we can refer to equiatomic Ti-Ni alloys which are exposed to slip and do not exhibit some(prenominal) transformation pseudoelasticity, regardless of their Ni content. It was shown, however, that Ni-rich Ti-Ni alloys subjected to annealing after cold working, ca apply refining of their grain size, leads in raising critical slip stress, which res ults in any transformation pseudoelasticity Miyazaki et al. (1982), Saburi, Tatsumi, Nenno (1982), Saburi, Yoshida, Nenno (1984). The existence of transformation pseudoelasticity is affected by guileless orientation, composition of the alloy, and direction of applied stresses Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986).1.3.2 One-Way Shape Memory marrowAnother property of SMAs is the one-way shape memory effect. It takes place in four steps(1) The material is cooled to a temperature lower than MF (the invoke austenitic phase) to obtain self-accommodated martensite.(2) Re-orientation of variants of the martensite is obtained via application of stress.(3) The stress is released at constant temperature T F. The material remains to a shape depending on the stress field.(4) The sample is heated at a temperature T AF making re-appear the austenitic phase and the material gets its original shape, as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 One-way shape memory effect Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986)Two conditions are necessary f or occurring shape recovery by shape memory effect. Firstly, the transformation should be reversible, and second, slip should not occur during the entire deformation process. Martensitic transformations in ordered alloys are reversible in nature Miyazaki, Otsuka (1986), Arbuzova, Khandros (1964), so the entire shape memory effect mainly occurs in this type of alloys. The second condition is necessary because in the case of high stress and every type of deformation mode (stress-induced martensitic transformation in parent phase, twinning in the martensitic phase) slip can be induced, resulting in plastic strain and, not completed recovery of shape.In the one-way shape memory effect, the shape in memory by the SMA is the one of the parent phase.1.3.3 Two-Way Shape Memory EffectThe nonpartisan shape memory effect is the reversible passage of a shape at a high temperature to another shape at low temperature under stress.The bipartite shape memory effect should precede the SMA training Nagasawa, et al. (1974. Training of SMAs consists of temperature cycling at constant stress or stress cycling at constant temperature. During training, microstructural defects (i.e. dislocations) lead to internal stresses and therefore promote oriented martensite. A SMA subjected to training can then move from austenitic phase to oriented martensite under zero load by simple change of temperature Schroeder, Wayman (1977). It has then a shape in memory for each of the two phases.Various methods that cause two-way shape memory effect have been suggested, such as, large deformation in stress-induced martensite transformation at temperatures MS Delaey et al. (1974), shape memory effect training Schroeder, Wayman (1977), stress-induced martensite training Schroeder, Wayman (1977), training involving both of shape memory effect as well as stress-induced martensite Perkins, Sponholz (1984) remaining in martensite state while heating at a temperature AF Takezawa, Shindo, Sato (1976), as well as using precipitates Tadaki, Otsuka, Shimizu (1988).1.4 sack Induced Plasticity ( send)Several experimental studies have shown the development of nonlinear plastic (irreversible) strain when phase transformations occur Greenwood, Johnson (1965), Abrassart (1972), Magee (1966), Desalos (1981), Olson, Cohen (1986), Denis et al. (1982). This mechanism of deformation is termed Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP), resulting from internal stress rising from the change in volume related to the transformation, as well as from the associated change in shape Marketz, Fischer (1994). TRIP differs from classical plasticity. Although plasticity is caused from the applied stress or variation in temperature, TRIP is triggered by phase variations, and occurs blush at low and constant stress levels Gautier et al. (1989), Leblond et al. (1989), Gautier (1998), Tanaka, Sato (1985), Fischer et al. (2000, 1996). TRIP takes place because of two separate mechanisms. The first, refers to a pro cess of accommodation of micro-plasticity related to volume change Greenwood, Johnson (1965). The other, refers to an orientation caused by shear internal stresses, favoring the direction of preferred orientation for the formation of martensite when and external stress is present, which involves change in shape Magee (1966). TRIP is caused by the difference in compactness of the lattice structure between the austenite (parent) and the martensite (product) phase Greenwood, Johnson (1965). During martensitic transformation, this difference has produces a change in volume as well as internal stresses causing plasticity in the phase with less yield stress, which is weaker Paiva, Savi, Pacheco (2005).REFERENCESAbrassart, F., Influence des Transformations Martensitiques sur les Proprits Mcaniques des Alliages du Systme Fe-Ni-Cr-C, Thse dtat, Universit de Nancy I (Trance), 1972.Arbuzova, I. and L. Khandros, irregular elongation and reduced resistance to plastic deformation due to martensi tic transformation in the alloy CU-AL-NI. Phys. Metals Metallogr., 17(3), pp. 68-74, 1964.Delaey, L., et al., Thermoelasticity, pseudoelasticity and the memory effects associated with martensitic transformations. journal of monotoneerials scientific discipline, 9(9), pp. 1521-1535, 1974.Denis, S., Simon, A. and Beck, G., Estimation of the Effect of Stress/ variety Transformation Interaction when Calculating Internal Stress during Martensitic Quenching of Steel, Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jap., Vol. 22, pp. 505, 1982.Desalos, Y., Comportement dilatomtrique et mcanique de lAustnite Mtastabledun Acier A 533, IRSID answer for n. 95.34.94.01 MET 44, 1981.Duerig, T., K. Melton, D. Stockel, C. Wayman (Eds.), Engineering Aspects of Shape Memory Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann, London, 1990.Duerig, T.W., K. Melton, and D. Stckel, Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013.Dunne, D. and C. Wayman, The effect of austenite ordering on the martensite transformation in Fe-Pt alloys near the composition Fe3Pt I. syllable structure and transformation characteristics. Metallurgical Transactions, 4(1), pp. 137-145, 1973.Fischer, F.D., Reisner, G., Werner, E., Tanaka, K., Cailletaud, G. and Antretter, T., A New View on Transformation Induced Plasticity, International Journal of Plasticity, vol. 16, pp. 723-748, 2000.Fischer, F.D., Sun, Q.P. and Tanaka, K., Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), employ mechanics Review, Vol. 49, pp. 317-364, 1996.Funakubo, H. (Ed.), Shape Memory Alloys, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1987.Funakubo, H., Shape Memory Alloys, Gordon and Breach Sci. Publ, New York, p. 275, 1987.Gautier, E., Dformation de transformation et plasticit de transformation, cole dt MH2M, Mthodes dHomognisation en Mcanique des Matriaux, La Londe Les Maures (Var, France), 1998.Gautier, E., Zhang, X.M. and Simon, A., Role of Internal Stress State on Transformation Induced Plasticity and Transformation Mechanisms during the impart of Stre ss Induced strain Transformation, International Conference on Residual Stresses- ICRS2, (Ed G. Beck, S. Denis and A. Simon), Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 777-783, 1989.Gilbertson, R. G. , Muscle Wires see Book, Mondotronics, p. 2-1/2-8, 1994.Gotthard R. and T. Lehnert, Alliages mmoire de forme, Trait des matriaux n19 Matriaux mergents, p. 81-105, 2001.Greenwood, G.W. Johnson, R.H., The tortuosity of Metals under Small Stresses during Phase Transformation, transactions of the olympian Society A 283, pp. 403-422, 1965.Greenwood, G.W. and Johnson, R.H., The Deformation of Metals under Small Stresses during Phase Transformation, Proceedings of the Royal Society A 283, pp. 403-422, 1965.Gunin, G., Alliages mmoire de forme, Techniques de broomnieur, vol. 10, p. 1-11, 1986.Kumar P., Introduction to Shape Memory Alloys, Shape Memory Alloys, 2008Kumar, P. and D. Lagoudas, Shape Memory Alloys Modeling and Engineering Applications. 2008, Springer Science, New York, NY.Kurdju mov, G. V., L. G. Khandros, First reports of the thermoelastic behaviour of the martensitic phase of Au-Cd alloys, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 66 (1949) 211-213.Lagoudas, D. C., P. B. Entchev, P. Popov, et al., Shape memory alloys, Part II Modeling of polycrystals, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 38, p. 430-462, 2006.Leblond, J., Devaux, J. and Devaux, J.C., Mathematical Modeling of Transformation Plasticity in Steels I event of Ideal-plastic Phases, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 551-572, 1989.Leblond, J., Mathematical Modeling of Transformation Plasticity in Steels II Coupling with Strain Hardening Phenomena, International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 5, pp. 573-591, 1989.Leclercq S., and C. Lexcellent, A general macroscopic description of the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of solids, 44, 953-980, 1996.Liu Y., and Z. Xie, Detwinning in shape memory alloy, In Progress in Smart Materials and Structures, Ed. Peter L. Reece, pp. 29-65, 2007.Magee, C.L., Transformation Kinetics, Microplasticity and Aging of Martensite in Fe-31 Ni, Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie plant of Technology, Pittsburg, PA, 1966.Marketz, F. and Fischer, F.D., A Micromechanical Study on the Coupling Effect Between Microplastic Deformation and Martensitic Transformation, Computational Materials Science, Vol. 3, pp. 307-325, 1994.Massalski, T.B., et al., Binary alloy phase diagrams. vol. 3. ASM International, pp. 1485, 1990.Miyazaki S, Ohmi Y, Otsuka K, Suzuki Y. Characteristics of deformation and transformation pseudoelasticity in Ti-Ni alloys. Le Journal de Physique Colloques, 43, 1982.Miyazaki, S. and K. Otsuka, Deformation and transition behavior associated with theR-phase in Ti-Ni alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A, 17(1), pp. 53-63, 1986.Nagasawa, A., et al., Reversible shape memory effect. Scripta Metallurgica, 8(9), pp. 1055-1060, 1974.Olson, G.B. and Cohen, M., Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformation in Engineerin g Materials, TMS-AIME, Warrendale, Pa (Ed S. D. Antolovich, R. O. Ritchie and W. W. Gerberich), pp.367, 1986.Ortin, J., A. Planes and L. Delaey , Hysteresis in Shape-Memory Materials in The Science of Hysteresis, (2006), pp. 467-553.Otsuka and K, Shimizu, K., Ser. Metall. 1, pp. 757-60, 1977.Otsuka, K. and K. Shimizu, Pseudoelasticity, In Metals Forum, 1981.Otsuka, K., C. M.Wayman (Eds.), Shape Memory Materials, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.Paiva, A., M.A. Savi, P.M. Pacheco, Modeling transformation induced plasticity in shape memory alloys, Proceedings of COBEM, 18th International relation back of Mechanical Engineering, Nov. 6-11, 2005, Ouro Preto, MG, 2005.Patoor, E., D. C. Lagoudas, P. B. Entchev, et al., Shape memory alloys, Part I General properties and border of single crystals, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 38, p. 391-429, 2006.Perkins, J. and R. Sponholz, Stress-induced martensitic transformation cycling and two-way shape memory training in Cu-Zn-Al alloys. Metallurgical transactions A, 15(2), pp. 313-321, 1984.Perkins, J., Shape Memory make in Alloys, Plenum Press, New York, 1975.Rosa M., Phase Transformations in Steels, Volume 1 Fundamentals and Diffusion-Controlled Transformations, International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 70(2), pp. 337-338, 2013.Saburi, T. and S. Nenno, The shape memory effect and related phenomena. Solid to Solid Phase Transformations, pp. 1455-1479, 1981.Saburi, T., M. Yoshida, and S. Nenno, Deformation behavior of shape memory TiNi alloy crystals. Scripta metallurgica, 18(4), pp. 363-366, 1984.Saburi, T., T. Tatsumi, and S. Nenno, Effects of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of Ti-Ni alloys. Le Journal de Physique Colloques, 43(C4), pp. C4-261-C4-266, 1982.Schetky, L., Shape-memory alloys, Scientific American 241 (74-82), 1979.Schroeder, T. and C. Wayman, The two-way shape memory effect and other training phenomena in Cu Zn single crystals. Scripta Metallurgica, 11(3), pp. 225-230, 1977.Shimizu, K., K. Otsuka, and J. Perkins, Shape Memory Effects in Alloys. Perkins, J., Ed.(New York Plenum), pp. 60-87, 1975.Tadaki, T., K. Otsuka, and K. Shimizu, Shape memory alloys. Annual Review of Materials Science, 18(1), pp. 25-45, 1988.Takezawa, K., T. Shindo, and S.I. Sato, Shape memory effect in 1-CuZnAl alloys. Scripta Metallurgica, 10(1), pp. 13-18, 1976.Tanaka, K. and Sato, Y., A Mechanical View of Transformation-Induced Plasticity, Ingenieur Archiv 55, pp. 147-155, 1985.Wayman, M., J. Harrison, The origins of the shape memory effect, Journal of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 41 (99) pp. 26-28, 1989.Wei, Z., D. Yang, On the hysteresis loops and characteristic temperatures of thermoelastic martensitic transformations, Scripta Metallurgica, Volume 22, Issue 8, 1988, pp. 1245-1249.

Concerns in Implementing Biometric Technology

Concerns in Implementing Biometric TechnologyThough this seems to be an advantage, the consolidation of this system into the existing system is tedious. Some of the major concerns in implementing biometric technology argon as follows,The system relies on complex data bear on algorithmic programs which consumes considerable gist of time.Lack of manufacturing and integration of redundant purpose computer computer hardwargon in the existing system.Adoption of biometric technology in the day-to-day smell is slow.A new approach that is gaining attention in the field of biometry is referred as behavioral biometrics, also referred as behaviometrics. The behaviometrics concentrate on compend the behavior of the user while interacting with the computer and try to au whereforeticate him.The hardw be hook capable of monitor the movements of the user and analyzing them to extract a feeling, which is singular for every individuals 46. Gener every(prenominal)y there twain kinds of au thentication mode purchasable in the mouse drivings,Static authenticationDynamic authenticationThe primary(prenominal) strength of mouse dynamics biometric technology is in its ability to ceaselessly monitor the legitimate and illegitimate users found on their session exercising of a computer system. This is referred to as day-and-night authentication. Continuous authentication, or individuation confirmation based on mouse dynamics, is very useful for continuous monitoring applications such as intrusion detection 58.II. RELATED wreakExtensive research has been made in the field of utilising the oe of the computer stimulant drug devices, Mouse, towards the ascendment of user interface design structure 10. Only in the recent clock, the mouse dynamics is unless improvised as behaviour biometric technology.The previous attempt ware made to study the users identity based on the mouse move analysis . Initially, the name of participants for this prgramme is around 4812.The s ystem is focused on both nonoperational and dynamic mode of authentication, but subsequently the system exclusively tried to develop the continuous authentication because for static authentication where in the need of special purpose design of GUI and usage of certain predefined form of sense of touch. Gamboa et al conducted similar experiments to learn the users movements while playing a memory game. They are 50 participants involved in the experiment. A incidental forward selection technique based on the greedy algorithm was simply used to find the best single tout later add one feature at a time to the feature vector. Gamboa et al5 proved that increase in the movements (interactions), the more accurate the identification attend would be. But, we provoket use this approach to the static authentication type because Gamboa et al5 inform that the memory game as well ask 10-15 min in average.The principal(prenominal) issues with these studies are the nominal amount of mouse movements required to authenticate an user was improbable. This method holds comfortably for user reauthentication or continuous authentication but failed in static authentication. So, further run a musical mode has to be done in the field of Mouse gesticulate dynamics a behavior biometric 18,19. Our work is to identify the user based on their handwriting patterns. There are considerable amount of research work was made in the field of identifying the user based on his handwriting. The entire work border has been divided into two processes signature verification and user identification.The pilot experiment where the 50 ample users are allowed to sign and their signature is later used to identify them. The participants are quest to draw eight different intercommunicate and for each one of them twenty times. The uniform eight communicates are used throughout the entire process and the users are advised to draw the strokes in a single stroke. By analyze pilot experiment metic ulously, we can perceive following facts which play of import role in our work and they are as follows.The average gesture sizing pull was made up of 64 data points in a single stroke.Some participant tends to sign faster as they time goes and this cause departure from their normal behavior.The raw data contained noises that must be filtered before processing.The users were advised to be as consistent with the disagreement in regulate and size. These variations were clearly a major source of inconsistency.In our paper, we fork up security against shoulder surfing by toggling surrounded by the visibilities of the signature and also we provide additional security features like anonymous tidings feature.III. PROPOSED SYSTEMBased on the facts, we obtained from pilot experiment, we divided our entire work into following staffs.Input gesture and sample mental facultys intercommunicate processing root and acquisition of data pointsAnonymous Password featureA. Input gesture and Sa mple modulesThe insert gesture worldly concern module and sample module is simple mechanical draft copy screen that used to ask the participant to freely draw a set of predefined gestures. The main purpose of this module is to pretend the participant experienced with the system and to draw them in his own way which is to replicate them later on. So, the gestures are not bound to either undertake language and they do not necessarily have a meaning.The input gesture creation and sample module helps the user in two different ways. First, it moves the input drawing to the center of the area. Though the shifting of the drawn gesture is done, the data points are collected without saving these changes.Second, the module moves the gesture spacing to achieve a size of 64 data points. These 64 data points were based on the pilot experiment. As mentioned earlier, we were able to fancy the average size of drawing the predefined set of gestures in one stroke.B. Gesture ProcessingOnce, th e data is collected how these signatures are modified for further use. What are the steps involved in the process of converting the user signature into their like data points are well briefed in this section.The signature collected from the drawing area consists of three main components,the plain line up (x-axis),vertical coordinate (y-axis), andthe elapsed time in milli sanctions at each pixel. for each one gesture replication for a given gesture can be set as the sequence of data points and each of them is represented by a triple consisting of the X-coordinate, Y-coordinate, and elapsed time, respectively. For example, the jth replication of a gesture G can be represented as a sequenceGj = , , ,where n is referred to as the gesture size (GS) and each where (1 i n) is a data point.C. rootage and acquisition of datapointsThe extraction and acquisition of data points module involves three main components, namely, data acquisition, data preparation, and data storage and authen tication.1) data Acquisition This module presents the gestures, which was created initially by the user in the input gesture creation module, and displays them to the user to replicate. The module records the users drawing while he interact with the computer. This module essentially records the signature in three components, horizontal coordinates denoted by xij, vertical coordinates denoted by yij, and the elapsed time in milliseconds beginning from the origin of the gesture tij, as explained in the input gesture module. For each user, the application creates individual folder containing all the replication of different gestures. Each gesture must be replicated a specific number of times (eg., 20 times). The user has to wait for minimum 3 s between each replication which is to prevent the user from drawing the gesture too fast. We believed that the wait time and mouse release will force the users second to his normal speed and behavior each time they replicate the gesture.2) Dat a Preprocessing This module is to process the collected data points in such a way it reduces to noise in it. The users signature may be shakened or jagged during drawing. They may lead to inconsistencies in the process of data point collections. There are two kinds of standardisation techniques which should be applid first before reducing the noise patterns. The first is center normalization which shifts the gesture to the center of the drawing area. The idea behind this tranisition is that the user may tend to draw his signature at any corner of the drawing area so we need to process the signature from any any part of the area. So, it is advisable to move all the gestures to the center of drawing area. The second is size normalization which alters the size of the gesture so that the final size is equal to the size of the template gesture in order to canvas the two gestures later. If the size of gesture is larger than the template size then k heart algorithm is used to reduce i ts size. The k means algorithm forms 64 clusters of data points initially, take the centroids of each cluster as the datapoints.To remove the outliners and noise in each replication, data smoothing techniques are introduced. The user cant draw same signature without changing its size and shape under multiple occasions. So, the data smoothing removes the variations in the signature. We use the standard weighted least-squares regression (WLSR) method to smooth the data and Peirces criterion 21 to egest the outliers.3) Data Storage and authenticationThe collected data points are further stored in the database for each use. The database is capable of storing all the replication of gestures of the user which he entered during the input gesture and sample module. When the user entered the signature during the authentication time, all the replication gesture would be compared.is one of the imminent disaster in these modern technical world. Information extortion occurs when an attacker to ok the password and other authentication information from the user forcibly. Neither the traditional text-based password system nor biometric systems provide easy way-out of this. No matter the password is a text, reproduce or iris movements it can be taken by force.

Ontology :: essays research papers

Ontology&9 adept of the most controversial debates in philosophy has been over the nature of being. In the Pre-Socratic era the dispute focused on whether change was constant plot of land our human perceptions made static separations so that we could make sense of our environment, or if being pull rounds omnipresently and that our perceptions of diversity in matter are false. Plato tries to solve this plight with his theory of an objective populace in a realm various from that which we experience. Aristotle agrees with Socrates except that he believes an objects true essence cannot exist separated from the object itself. I presume that we can exist with our own identity and inhere to a greater whole simultaneously, however my freethinking does not extend beyond people. Nonetheless, these philosophers all had valid conclusions and their theories compliment all(prenominal) other.&9"War is king"1 said Heraclitus. He believes that reality is not composed of a number of th ings, but is a motion of continual creation and destruction. An accurate metaphor for his rationale is a river. Its location remains basically the same. One can walk away(p) from it, and return with the confidence that it will still be thither. However, the exact pissing that flows through it is never the same. One cant tell the passing between the water in the river now and the water in the river previous and yet this transience of matter does not detract from the identity of the river. Heraclitus would plead that all of what we experience is like the river, forever changing in a process of erosion and creation.&9Heraclitus successor, Parmenides, believes that Being must exist about in the judging. Because nothing cannot be thought without thinking of it as something, in that respect cannot be "nothing"2, all that can exist is Being. If there is all Being it must be indestructible, uncreated, and eternal. If one agrees that Being is , then there cant be any place where being is not. tally Parmenides purely logical view, all perception of vacuous space is an illusion.&9Plato tried to solve this dilemma of ontology with his theory of the forms. "You have before your mind these two orders of things, the visible and the intelligible,"3 he says, which can be compared to notion and knowledge respectively. In The Republic he uses a field simile to explain the connection between what we perceive and what really exists. Dividing a literary argument in four unequal parts gives us the four stages of agreement with a state of being on one slope of the line corresponding to a state of understanding on the other side of the line.

Prostitution and Legislation :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Prostitution and Legislation   Sex for sell. For near whoredom is a victimless crime while others fight hard in the hopes of one day abolishing prostitution forever. The topic of  prostitution remains a greatly debated erupt even later on so many old age of existence. Prostitution existed as far back in time as ancient Athens and ancient Rome. In Rome, prostitutes were emancipationd by the present and taxed. Prostitution continued to flourished through out Europe until the High put Ages with the outbreak of the syphilis epidemic and Reformation morality (Academic the Statesn encyclopedia 91).  In nigh large Western cities today prostitution is hot but tolerated, because police there are more concerned with rule the crimes, organized by crime syndicates, associated with prostitution (Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 94). different Western governments combine regulated prostitution with public health measures to ascendance disease (American Academic Encyclop edia 91).   Prostitution has lasted and survived every attack by civilization to end it. Some would say that for as long peck have both money and sexual frustration some depart continue to pay others to satisfy them ( Bovard 18).  Existing throughout the world and time, prostitution has managed to survive, however a growing number of people are generator to look at the effect legitimation of or strict laws for prostitution would have on a community.               Prostitution in the world is brisk and well despite the fact that is it consider  illegal in most developed countries (Academic American Encyclopedia 91). Some see it as an issue of safety in out neighborhoods and other take it on as a moral issue. However, because of the spread of disease and what seems to be a ineffectual battle, many cities in America and other countries are considering the possibility of legalization and regulation of prostitution. In B ritain, it is considered legal to sell sex but, the associated activities including soliciting, advertising, street walking, and tally brothels is illegal (Green-light areas 73). The article Green-Light Area talks of how the police in Britain draw to turn a blind eye to prostitution and go after the pimps and drug-dealers who are connected with the prostitution (73).This method of policing is different from that in America where police concentrate on the prostitutes themselves. Brothels are also given license in Britain. The thinking being that is it allows regular visits by health officials who gybe basic standards of hygiene and can dispose of dirty needles (Green-Light Area 73).

Helen Keller Essay -- Story of My Life

Helen KellerHelen Keller was an American author who lived to take aim and inspire some others to become the most unique author of her time. She was a quick-witted woman who had exceptional writing abilities. She utilized simplistic style to touch with all varieties of masses. She wrote to inspire nation and to help disabled people carry out their goals. Her writing style was full of many types of diction, syntactic devices, and patterns of imagery to typify her life chronicle. Keller used an unadorned tone with superb expressions and descriptions.Helen Adams Keller was born in the small town of Tuscumbia, Alabama in 1880. When she was nineteen months old she was diagnosed with flushed fever, which left her blind and deaf for the rest of her life. When she was a child she was nonplus under the care of Anne Sullivan, and she would become her life long friend and companion. Sullivan began to apprize her by writing with her finger, the name of objects into her hand. K eller began to learn in truth rapidly. She started to write very quickly using a ruler to guide her sentences. She learned how to aim Braille and then to speak. In 1900, Keller went to Radcliffe College and graduated with honors. She lectured around the world near her life experiences and met many famous people such as plant Twain. She was an extraordinary woman and one of the most recognized people in history. Helen Keller shows herself as a well educated, persevering, and eager woman. She brought her success through her education, which she was taught at a young age. Keller learned her thirty new words the alike(p) day she learned her first. Next, she presented a very strong personality. In her primordial years Keller states, although I find it difficult, I s... ...m her birth and follows on by each of her accomplishments. She wrote her story just how her life happened, she included all of her inspirations and the people that helped her fulfil her goals.Helen Kelle r wrote her life story as a tool for other people to learn from. She was plagued by disabilities that she had to oercome. Her story is wonderful and her achievements are amazing. Keller let nothing stop her from meeting famous people, to traveling all over the world to talk to people and inspire them. She did many things that even people with no disadvantages couldnt accomplish. BibliographyKeller, Helen AdamsStory of My Life. New York, New York Bantam Books, June 1990Herrmann, DorothyHelen Keller. historied Women 1990. Yahoo. http//www.charlotte.com/services/books/0920review.htmMicrosoft Encarta 97Microsoft Corporation, 1993-1996